Christinaity In Middle Ages Essay -- European History

Christianity in the Middle Ages Christianity assumed a significant job all through the Middle Ages in the public arena and legislative issues. The Middle Ages, grouped from 600 AD to 1350 AD, was essentially affected by Christianity in view of the effect it had on the every day lives of individuals of the time. The start of the Early Middle Ages, after the Fall of Rome in 476 AD and the period known as the Dark Ages, the redesign of the realm brought a craving for confidence and religion, fundamentally Christianity. This pattern of Christian significance was clear until 1350, when the Black Death caused the finish of an arranged time. The congregation is frequently seen, during this timeframe, as a focal point of debasement, insatiability, and underhandedness, with materialistic popes and unholy acts. Despite the fact that there were unethical occasions, the nearness of Christianity carried expectation and dependability to the realm strategically and socially. In the Late Age of Antiquity, Christianity had begun it s quick spread turning into the state religion in the fourth century, and rising as a "cultural trend" (212). It turned out to be additionally characterized, and was the bases of the Western World's procedures. Christianity's ubiquity impacted the congregation by individuals' freshly discovered capacity to focus on trust and a superior life. With this establishment, the Middle Ages extended strict significance by utilizing it in everyday life. Christianity was reliably present in the social field of the Middle Ages. There were numerous contentions over Christian convictions. The immersion in Christianity in the eighth century had a non tranquil turn as a result of the Iconoclastic Controversy. It isolated the Western and the Byzantine Empires moreover with the argument about the utilization of symbols in strict love. This squabble brought about strict force through investigation of strict conventions and magic. The division between the realm was a continually prese nt with the excitement of questions . The perspective on the Christian Church by the individuals differed from pleasant to indecent. In the Early Middle Ages, the congregation was complicated and non-set up. In spite of the fact that the movement of the Middle Ages prompted the encouragement of the Church, there were many set backs in the notoriety of the papacy. The shortcoming of the papacy was a consequence of incapable and degenerate holy places. The tenth century was a time of strict decrease with exclusive religious communities and chur... ...ecline of ecclesiastical force. The First Crusade was an effective endeavor for the papacy as it was viewed as a "armed pilgrimage" (325). To pick up the help of the Christian people group, Urban II guaranteed a the hereafter without limbo and an immediate climb to paradise for Crusade support. This "plenary indulgence" (325) made the First Crusade a great endeavor. Then again, the ecclesiastical government experienced the extra Crusades that constrained individuals to scrutinize the solidarity of the Christian Church. Christianity was a successful subject in the Middle Ages since it executed a great many people and occasions of the timespan. Socially, Christianity affected individuals' every day lives since confidence offered another thought for how life advanced. The presentation of new mind and imaginative progressions were developing with strict affected. Strategically, the sovereign's were supported and weakened. The help of the papacy was valuable in the crowning liturgy of sovereigns and the impact over the ordinary citizens. On the counter-side, the ecclesiastical government offered rivalry for power. Christianity was consistently present in the Middle Ages, and it changed ideas and confidence for all.

Analysis of Chapters 1 through 8 of Great Expectations Essay -- Great

Examination of Chapters 1 through 8 of Great Expectations Plot and Setting-The plot begins with a young man name Phillip Pirrip. It is a first individual story about a kid, thinking back to the nineteenth century. The initial eight sections manage Pip’s youth years. It likewise manages what pip's identity is, and his family. In the start of the story Pip presents himself, and presents his dead guardians. He is in the cemetery, and afterward an alarming turning man comes upward. The man compromises him. The plot of the story I believe is acceptable in light of the fact that it manages the battles in a kid. He has nobody to go to. The creator truly helped us identify with the story. Pip gets in a difficult situation at Christmas time. He gets hit with â€Å"The Tickler† which was a wry name for an oar. In the story two officials with Muskets go to the house. They need a metal forger. Outside they catch two convicts. One of those convicts is Pip’s convict. The other one is the one that Pip’s convict attempted to slaughter. They are both gotten. Later on in the story, and later in his life, Pip meets a little youngster named Estella. He subtly really likes her. Estella couldn't care less much for Pip. She thinks he isn't very men of honor like. She likewise feels that he is coarse and normal. Estella and Pip do talk however. She resembles a mother to Pip, she sort of orders him. Pip is enamored with her, yet she would have nothing to do with him. She feels that his is not all that much. Characters-The main character presented in the story is a kid name Pip, he is the kid I discussed previously. The following two presented, are his mom and father. They are both dead, and Pip is isolated in life acknowledge for his sister. That is who is presented straightaway. His sister is hitched to a man named Joe. Pip lives with these individuals. The startling convict portrayed above was the following character brought into the story. Mr. Wopsle is the following character brought into the story. He was the assistant at the congregation, and he likewise goes to the Three Jolly Bargemen with Joe. The whell-wright was Mr. Hubble, and his better half. Joe’s uncle’s name is Mr. Pumblechook, he and Pip are quite old buddies at the outset segments. They share numerous encounters together. Miss Havisham and Estella are the close to be presented. Estella is Miss Havisham’s supposable little girl. Miss Havisham find... ...t around it, and he had a drawbridge. He adored his home. Wemmick wound up being a generally excellent guide for Pip, since he helped him make some entirely extreme descisions. Barnard’s Inn-This spot is only a dump. It is in a piece of the city where the structures are near one another, and Pip doesn't generally appreciate remaining here. He generally discusses a person named Barnard, in spite of the fact that there was no person truly named Barnard. This spot is unquestionably a spot where Pip won't have any desire to return to. The Temple-Pip appreciates this spot significantly better than Barnard’s Inn. Him and Herbert live there, and they share the room. They each have there own room in there, and Provis remains there for some time. I imagined this spot as a sort of high rise that was not present day. I can get a decent picture in my mind of what The Temple resembled. Joe’s Home- This is the place Pip grew up at, so I am speculating this is the place his most noteworthy recollections are. So much had occurred in that house, since the time he was close to nothing and even up to when Joe and Biddy were hitched. That house to me generally appeared to be so out in the center of no place, yet at the same time warm and an incredible family condition. A normal nation home.

Analysis Of Ethnographic + Case Study Research Articles Article

Analysis Of Ethnographic + Case Study Research Articles Article Analysis Of Ethnographic + Case Study Research Articles â€" Article Example > IntroductionMackenzie’s (1992) article is about an ethnographic study that was conducted to examine the experiences of nurse students in regard to their learning environment. Below, the article is analyzed on the basis of the CASP Rubric. CASP Question Exemplary Performance: 1. Relevance of the Research Goal: Mackenzie (1992) makes a clear statement of the research goal by noting that “The aim of the research is to gain an understanding of the learning experiences of district nurses from the perspective of the students” (p. 683). The importance of the research as well as its relevance is also described in the introductory paragraphs of the article. For instance, it is noted that many studies about nurse education have done little to look at how students learn with respect to “adult learning theory” (Mackenzie, 1992, p. 683). The study by Mackenzie (1992) was therefore meant to fill this gap. Supporting sources for the background information are provided. Section Score __ __5____ 2. Appropriateness of Research Methodology: Mackenzie (1992) adopted ethnography as the research methodology, and an explanation has been provided as to why this methodology was used. In particular, it is noted that ethnographers concern themselves with meaning and gaining an understanding and appreciating that “individuals interpret situations and act in accordance with their interpretation and understanding of each situation” (Mackenzie, 1992, p. 684). On account of this, the author came up with research questions based on a personal experience in teaching and nursing practice. These questions are attuned with the research methodology and are supported by citations. Section Score ____5____3. Research Design: Mackenzie (1992) has explained that the use of an ethnographic research approach means that the research design to be used “cannot be totally predetermined” (p. 684). However, it is further explained that despite there being no need for a predetermined resear ch design, some planning is necessary. It is for this reason that the author formulated research questions based on personal experience in nursing practice and in teaching. This is well supported by other sources. Section Score ____5____4. Participants: The participants in the study are described as students who had been placed in a placement program. There is no clear description of the sampling strategy used, but a reader can tell from the information provided that purposive sampling was used. No further details about the participants are provided, save for the experience that they had. Even then, the participants’ identities are protected since no names are mentioned in the article. Section Score ____3____5. Collection of Data: Mackenzie (1992) has clearly described how data were collected through “informal or unstructured interviews and observations” (p. 685). Although it is not explicitly stated who collected the data, it is indicated that the use of both interviews and observations was meant to “validate the author’s interpretation of the meaning of the behavior she had observed” (Mackenzie, 1992, p. 685). This indicates that the author of the article was involved in the collection and processing of data. It also shows the relevance of the data collection methods to the issue being investigated. Section Score ____4____6. Self-Disclosure: There is no disclosure of the relationship between the researcher and the participants. As well, there is no information about how any bias that could arise from the methodological choices that were made could be handled. Section Score ____1____

Indigenous Women During The Colonial Era - 1241 Words

Since the beginning of the colonial process, Indigenous bodies have been seen as disposable. The dehumanization of the Indigenous body and the creation of the other, has allowed for the destruction of Indigenous Femininity. A system rooted in epistemic violence created by the colonial era. Continues to affect how Indigenous women are treated in modern societies. The demotion from â€Å"Indian Queen†, an exotic and powerful presence in colonial societies, to the â€Å"Dirty Squaw†, a figure depicted as lazy, and troublesome. Indigenous women have struggled to be seen as human people, rather than sexual object in the minds of the white settlers. A systematic dehumanization though through the process of epistemic violence. Which continues to affect how Indigenous women are treated today. To begin, through colonial documentation it can be see that the identity of the Indigenous woman, changed systematically to fit the agenda of the white settlers. The importance of this is that the European-Constructed image of Native women, has been historically connected to the land. Therefore, the treatment of Indigenous women by white settlers, mirrors western attitudes towards the earth. This is why the three identities created by white settlers are monumentally important. The identity constructed on first encounter with Indigenous women was that of the Indian Queen. The identity of the Indian Queen portrays Indigenous women as exotic, powerful, dangerous and beautiful, a symbol that reflectedShow MoreRelatedFijian Masculinity In Fiji Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesworld, resistance was not a futile effort made by indigenous cultures. Through the acceptance of colonial norms, Pacific cultures gained limited authority to dictate the way in which European ideologies would be incorporated into their society. Within this essay, I will demonstrate that Fijian chiefs negotiated for the preservation of their culture through the reinforcement of masculine and indigenous power structures. I will explore how indigenous Fijian masculinity is expressed in various mediumsRead MoreThe Evolution of Women in Nigeria1310 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the centuries, the roles of Nigerian women have continuously evolved. During the pre- colonial era, women in Nigerian tribes were not only child bearers and wives, but also free adults. They played critical roles in food preparation, weaving, pottery, and the economy. However, the impact of British rule in Nigeria made a significant shift from the pre-colonial to the post- colonial era. The influence of the Catholic Church, Western style education, patriarchal government and modern waysRead MoreOverview of Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Adichie1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the centuries, the roles of Nigerian women have continuously evolved. During the pre- colonial era, women in Nigerian tribes were not only child bearers and wives, but also free adults. They played critical roles in food preparation, weaving, pottery, and the economy. However, the impact of British rule in Nigeria made a significant shift from the pre-colonial to the post- colonial era. The influe nce of the Catholic Church, Western style education, patriarchal government and modern waysRead MoreThe Conventional Narrative Accounting For The Demographic Diversity Of The Caribbean1567 Words   |  7 PagesThe conventional narrative accounting for the demographic diversity of the Caribbean asserts that after the ‘discovery’ of the islands by Columbus, disease and maltreatment by Spaniards decimated the Indigenous populations. The assumed extinction of these Indigenous populations necessitated the securing of a new supply of manual labour capable of surviving in the tropics and working the newly established plantations and mines. This supply started with European migrants at first, but soon turned toRead MoreThe Legal System Of Colonial Virginia1645 Words   |  7 PagesThe intent and implementation of the legal system of colonial Virginia has garnered considerable debate within early-American historiography. At the center of this discussion is the question of when colonial authorities first introduced English common law, and to what extent justices followed it prior to 1660. Beginning in the early twentieth century, and in each generation thereafter, this examination started anew as archival research uncovered new documents pertaining to Virginia’s early legalRead MorePre Colonial India Is Characterized By Independent Self Sufficient Villages With Various Customs And Laws Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pages Ashley Gosnell Colonialism Paper December 22, 2016 Pre-colonial India is characterized by independent self sufficient villages with various customs and laws. This separation in cultural, religious and political structures blurred the lines of inclusive political and religious laws. The differences can be observed in the groupings created by the caste system paired with social hierarchy. With the advent of colonialism these institutions were challenged. The introduction of English ideals andRead MoreChanges in Bangladesh1290 Words   |  6 Pagesaround the country so much in number. 2. Dresses of this country among youth have changed drastically now-a-days it is easy to found western dresses in young people. Foreign culture is introduced largely in this country. Short dresses are worn by women, boys are found in shorts and thus modernization in a western manner. 3. Celebration of days like Valentine’s Day, friendship day and many other occasions has been celebrated all over the country. People wearing different dress and exchanging giftsRead MoreImpact Of Colonialism On Society s Role As A Colonizer1493 Words   |  6 Pagescategorization of colonizers and colonized does not always apply are both necessary factors in properly understanding the history of a postcolonial era. The following essay aims to elaborate on van Dommelen’s argument as well as discuss pop culture’s role as a colonizer. In his article â€Å"Colonial Matters: Material Culture and Postcolonial Theory in Colonial Situations†, van Dommelen elaborates on the concept of postcolonialism. His primary argument regarding the matter is that postcolonialism has resultedRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century845 Words   |  4 Pagesnew world, the ratio of men to women was 3:1. The population was largely made up of bachelors for the first years. Women in the 17th Century were considered completely inferior to men in almost all ways possible. The social customs and legal codes ensured that the majority of women in these colonies were unable to vote, preach, hold political office, attend public schools or colleges, start lawsuits, make contracts or own property (Shi Tindall, 2013, Pg. 111). Women of the 17th Century had extremelyRead MoreThe Situation Of Women During The Pre Columbian Era1026 Words   |  5 PagesThe situation of women in the pre-Columbian era was like any other culture because men had power. The woman lacked rights, equality and autonomy. Often, women were treated as an object. In the case of one of the most developed pre-Columbian civilizations, the Aztecs, a situation occurred with the rights of women with Dona Marina, also known as the Malinche. She was a girl of the Aztec culture, who after a clash between tribes was surrender as a slave, because that was the tradition of those times

Mandatory Sentencing For Minor Drug Offences - 957 Words

Since 1971, the United States has been on a war against drugs. Yet four decades and one trillion dollars later, we are still fighting this war (Branson). All that we have to show for this war is drugs running rampant and tons of citizens incarcerated. Mandatory sentencing for minor drug offences should be overturned due to overflowing prisons, damaging families, and the scare tactic it was created to be has failed. Due to mandatory sentencing for minor drug offences, the American prison system is overflowing with inmates. According to E. Ann Carson, a Statistician for the Bureau of Justice Statistics, â€Å"Fifty percent (95,800) of sentenced inmates in federal prison on September 30, 2014 (the most recent date for which federal offense data are available) were serving time for drug offenses. In comparison to the 53% in state prisons, violent offenders represented 7% of the federal prison population (14,000 prisoners)† (Carson 17). Half of the United States’ prison pop ulation in both state and federal is incarcerated for drug related crimes. This is huge compared to the seven percent of the population in federal prisons for violent crimes. The United States Federal Registrar says â€Å"The average annual cost to confine an inmate in a Community Corrections Center for Fiscal Year 2011 was $26,163† (Prisons Bureau). This cost falls to the tax payers. It would cost taxpayers over two and a half billion dollars to house all the people guilty of minor drug offences in federal prisonShow MoreRelatedAgainst Mandatory Sentencing Debate970 Words   |  4 PagesA mandatory sentence is one where judicial discretion is limited by law; those convicted of certain crimes must be punished with at least a minimum number of years in prison. The most famous example of mandatory sentencing is the ‘three strikes and you’re out’ policy adopted first in California in 1994, and now more widespread in the USA. Three strikes laws require life imprisonment for a third criminal conviction, but other forms of mandatory sentencing are now being discussed and implementedRead MoreThe Federal Mandatory Minimum Sentencing978 Words   |  4 Pagesmethod of sentencing criminals was the establishment of the mandatory minimum sentencing. During the early days of the republic, specific sentences were carried out for certain crime and early mandatory sentences the forms of punishment used at the time stretched from ducking stools/cucking stools for disorderly women and dishonest tradesmen in England, Soctland to hanging for convicted murderers. However, in recent years, evidence gathered have shown that the federal mandatory minimum sentencing wereRead MoreDo Queensland s Sentencing Laws Focus Too Heavily On Punishment948 Words   |  4 PagesQueensland’s sentencing laws focus too heavily on punishment, rather than rehabilitation, of drug offenders? Queensland’s current drug sentencing laws primarily focus on punishment more than rehabilitation. Courts in Queensland have penalties that can be enforced on an offender such as Community Service Order, Fines Restitution, Probation, Intensive Correction Order, Imprisonment and Parole for the use of illegal drugs. The penalties vary according to the type and amount of drug use involved. Drug traffickingRead MoreDiscuss Factors That Affect Sentencing Decisions, Including the Purposes of Punishment and the Role of Victims.783 Words   |  4 Pagessentence must coincide with the statutory guidelines e.g that set out in the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW), and the judicial guidelines that set precedent for all judges and magistrates in the state. Within this legislation are the purposes for which a sentence may be imposed, types of penalties, minimum/maximum sentences and mandatory sentences. The purposes of sentencing are set out in the Crimes (Sentencing Procedures) Act 1999 (NSW) and fundamentally include deterrence, retributionRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States1506 Words   |  7 Pages When, in 1971, Richard Nixon infamously declared a â€Å"war on drugs† it would have been nearly impossible for him to predict the collective sense of disapprobation which would come to accompany the now ubiquitous term. It would have been difficult for him to predict that the drug war would become a hot topic, a highly contentious and polarizing point of debate and, it would have difficult for him to predict that the United States would eventually become the prison capital of the world, incarceratingRead MoreMandatory Sentencing Laws For Repeat Offenders897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 1990s, states began to execute mandatory sentencing laws for repeat offenders. This statute became known as â€Å"three strike laws†. The three strikes law increases prison sentence for people convicted of a felony. If you have two or more violent crimes or serious felonies, it limits the ability that offenders have to receive a punishment other than life sentencing. By 2003 over half of the states and federal government had enacted the â€Å"three strike laws†. The expectation behind it was to getRead MorePrison Blues : How America s Foolish Sentencing Policies Endanger Public Safety1033 Words   |  5 Pagesof minimum sentencing during an often cited speech. As stated in his book Prison blues: How America s Foolish Sentencing Policies Endanger Public Safety, David Kopek credits Rehnquist with stating: These mandatory minimum sentences are perhaps a good example of the law of unintended consequences. There is a respectable body of opinion which believes that these mandatory minimums impose unduly harsh punishment for first-time offenders -- particularly for mules who played only a minor role in aRead MoreMandatory Minimums Should Not Be Mandatory911 Words   |  4 PagesThose who oppose mandatory minimums argue that longer sentences cost too much, are ineffective in reducing drug related crimes, and do not allow for lenience in extenuating circumstances. The average cost of keeping a single prisoner incarcerated in federal prison for a year is approximately $30,619.85 (Prisons Bureau, and Department of Justice), multiply that number by the typical five years in prison mandatory minimum policy demands for minor drug crimes as well as multiplying it by the approximateRead MoreRacism And The American Criminal Justice System1584 Words   |  7 Pagesphenomenon rather than a flaw in the justice system. However, there is overwhelming evidence of a racial bias in the justice system. The infamous â€Å"War on Drugs† compounded the effects of this racial bias by instituting mandatory minimum sentences for minor drug offences. These sentences push what were formerly minor offences into the felony offence category. The legal system creates no less than three different patterns of inequality for convicted felons, of which a staggering number constitute racialRead MoreThe Caging Of America By Adam Gopnik911 Words   |  4 Pagesinapp ropriate sentencings to those with minor crimes. He demonstrates that inmates are getting treated poorly than helping them learn from their actions. Using facts and statistics, Gopnik makes his audience realize that there is an urgent need of change in the American prison system. The main idea of Gopnik’s article is that the prison system needs to improve its sentencing laws because prisons are getting over crowed. Gopnik’s argument is valid because there is a problem in the sentencing laws that

How to Live a Long Life Free Essays

How to live a Long Life As technology and medicine evolve over time, the life expectancy in most countries is increasing. Here are a few additional ways of increasing the odds that you’ll make it to that ripe old age of 85 and beyond. Steps 1. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Live a Long Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eat healthy. Some health professionals will state that eating healthy is more important to your body than getting regular exercise. Indulge only when necessary and have a well-balanced diet. Read and understand â€Å"Nutrition Facts†. 2. Introduce regular exercise into your life. While most people lead quite busy lives, the benefits of exercise usually present themselves in all areas of your life. Gradually introducing exercise will lead to longer patterns of fitness rather than adopting a harsh workout regime each New Year’s. 3. Develop a sleep schedule. It’s not as important to get a certain number of hours of sleep; so much as it is to get the same amount of sleep, at the same time, day in and day out. Sleep gives your body a chance to heal and regenerate; having a stable sleeping routine will help your body take care of itself more easily. If you do not carry out successful sleep cycles over an extended period of time (48+ hours) you can seriously affect your physical and mental health. 4. Drink plenty of water. This universal solvent is a most effective weapon against toxins and many other violators. It flushes out your system like nothing else does. 5. Think first. This step includes looking both ways before you cross the street, as children are taught but many adults take it for granted, and wear protective gear when necessary; whether you’re while riding a bike or skateboard, working on a construction site, or handling potentially harmful substances. While the human skull is quite thick and sturdy, severe head trauma can result from the brain being jostled around inside the skull from an impact, potentially resulting in permanent brain damage or even death. 6. Reduce stress in your life. By cutting stress or stressful things in your life you can drastically change your life expectancy. The first way is through the direct, unhealthy effects of stress on your body in the long term. The second way stress may shorten your life expectancy is through the negative behaviors that being stressed triggers. These behaviors include comfort eating and smoking. Learn to relax through de-stressing techniques or meditation to keep your life expectancy up where it should be. How to cite How to Live a Long Life, Essay examples

Selfridges Essay free essay sample

Once all the issues have been identified changes can be made in order to improve the company. The PEST analysis and other similar strategies can also be used in addition to the SWOT for further investigation and improvement. Background Selfridges is located in the centre of London, on Oxford Street. After taking just 12 months to build, the store was opened on 15th March. Harry Gordon Selfridge, the founder of Selfridges wanted to build an American department store in London. The store supplied many products and services including, perfume, clothing, home appliances and jewellery. Selfridges is now a Public Limited Company which means it sells shares to the public. Marketing strategy Marketing strategy includes the products, pricing, promotions and relationship management. A way of remaining loyal to customers is by offering them a loyalty card, when the customer uses their Selfridges loyalty card they will receive one point for every pound they spend. We will write a custom essay sample on Selfridges Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Selfridges offer products which vary from luxury items to high street brands. On some occasion celebrities will visit the store and this attracts many customers on one single day. Selfridges also promotes the store by having sales which offer discount on items in order to attract the customer. Financial performance When Harry first bought the land where Selfridges would be built it cost him him $400,000 however in the 21st century the property was valued at more than ? 324m. Selfridges was sold In July 1951 for ? 3. 4 million to Lewiss Investment Trust and 52 years later the store was re-sold for ? 600m to Canadian food and specialist retail businessman Galen Weston and his family. In 1991 a seven year, ? 00m renovation was completed which updated the look and size of the store. The profit in 2009 was ? 84m and is set to increase steadily annually. SWOT analysis Strengths Firstly, Being situated in the heart of London is a major advantage for Selfridges because central London is such a popular place. Secondly, the products offered vary from toys, clothing, cosmetics, home appliances, furniture, jewellery and food. Selfridges has its own website so it can sell products online to people if they are unable to visit the store for any reason. Furthermore most of the products sold in store are also available online so there this saves time for customers and employees as well as saving space in store. Selfridges consists of over 500 diverse brands in store, this means that it saves people from having to go to different stores so it is a lot easier for people to shop. People are able to view luxury brands such as Bvlgari, Christian Dior, Prada, Versace and many more. Topshop, Lipsy, FCUK and AllSaints are just four of many high street brands for people to look at. Selfridges cater for different markets so there is something for everyone in store. Weaknesses Even though Selfridges is planning on opening new stores in the future, there are currently only four stores. Stores such as John Lewis and Debenhams have over 100 stores across the UK which makes it more accessible for people. Some of the services Selfridges provide may be expensive in some people’s opinion. For example the car park at the London store costs ? 7 minimum, this may cause customers to park and shop somewhere else. With today’s increasing problem of global warming and animal cruelty, some products may become a problem, or need changing in order to adapt to regulations. For example, the Duke and Duchess of Hamilton decided to boycott shopping at Selfridges because foie gras (a food product made from duck or goose liver) is being sold in the stores. Selfridges has a number of competitors, its main rivals are Harrods, Harvey Nichols and John Lewis. Opportunities According to the Independent, there are future plans to develop the north section of the Oxford Street store and create a hotel, offices, leisure. In the future Selfridges could possibly open new stores in England or abroad in a different country such as America where it is likely to succeed, exchange rates are also low. Selfridges already has their own clothing range for females so it might be good to start a new range such as male clothing or cosmetics. The market is always changing and adapting, new brands and products are always being created. So the fact that Selfridges is always renewing their range is an opportunity. Loyal customers will always return to view the latest products in the market. Threats Stores such as Harrods, Harvey Nichols and John Lewis all pose as major threats to Selfridges PLC because they are all situated in the centre of London and also attract many potential customers. All the stores will be competing with each other with costs and products. The current economic climate is bad for the company because it affects many customers and the way they spend money. Taxes, politics and government also have a major affect on stores such as Selfridges. The current economic climate is probably the biggest factor for Selfridges. Economic climate has affected people and how they spend money. Because Selfridges specializes in luxury goods, the prices may be slightly high in some people’s opinion which will cause them to be reluctant to buy products from Selfridges. Some people are going to choose to shop at other high street shops which offer better priced items. Conclusion In my opinion Selfridges continues to remain successful during the economic crisis and remain competitive against all other retail stores. In conclusion the main strengths are that is it located in the centre of London on Oxford Street and there is a major variety of products.

How to Ask a Professor for a Letter of Recommendation

How to Ask a Professor for a Letter of Recommendation Are you looking to get into a graduate program? Perhaps you have finished your degree and are seeking employment? If so, then there is a strong possibility that you are going to find yourself in need of a letter of recommendation. College professors are an excellent choice because they have spent extensive time with you, observing how you work, how you analyse information and even how you present your opinion in a group setting. The question is, how to ask a professor for a letter of recommendation? What Is a Letter of Recommendation? It is essentially a letter which gives the admissions board or an employer a brief overview of you as a student and as a person in general. Your professor should describe their experiences of working with you referencing specific situations, attitudes and other things that speak to your character. They should also describe what potential they see in you and why you are a good fit for the program or position. Who Should Write It for You? One of the first things you need to think about when it comes to requesting a strong letter of recommendation is who you are going to ask to write it! It is a good idea to choose a faculty member. That way, youll be confident that the person knows you reasonably well. Ideally, they should know you not only as their student, but in other contexts as well. What if theres no professor who knows me good enough? If you still have enough time before you need a recommendation letter, you should put in much effort to make connections with your professors. That way, youll be able to improve your chance to achieve your academic and career goals. Keep in mind that admissions offices receive hundreds, if not thousands of letters from potential students. Many of these letters are generic and do not stand out in the pile. If you choose a professor who knows you well both as a student and on a more personal level, they can write the letter with a more specific slant. This is going to help it stand out and get your application noticed. Is There a Certain Etiquette for Recommendation Requests? When asking your professor for a letter it is important to understand that it is something they take seriously and that a certain amount of etiquette involved when requesting letters. It is necessary to make a formal request for your reference letter. This should be done by email or letter. You should ask if he or she is willing to write a reference letter or fill out recommendation forms on your behalf. A pro tip: Never assume that your professor will be comfortable writing the letter – even if they have agreed to write one in the past. A formal request should always be made. Here are a few more etiquette tips to keep in mind when asking a professor for a letter of recommendation: Ask as Early as Possible – Professors have busy schedules and it can take time to write a strong letter of recommendation. Submit your request as early as you can, preferably a month before the deadline. This will give plenty of time for your professor to handle the request. Provide as Much Information as Possible – It will be really helpful to your professor if you provide as much information about the program or job that you are applying for. This will make it much easier for them to complete the text that helps you the best way. It may even be useful to make an appointment during their office hours to discuss it in full. Include a Pre-Addressed Envelope – Make it as easy as possible on your professor by providing them with included envelopes which are pre-addressed and have the correct postage affix. What If My Professor Denies My Recommendation Request? There is always a chance that your professor will deny your request. If this happens, try not to be too disheartened. There could be a variety of reasons for their refusal. It may not even be personal. It could be that they have several requests on their plate already and just don’t have the time to add another one to their workload. They may also feel that they do not actually have enough experience or knowledge of you as a student.Sometimes it might be that they simply think there is another program more suited to your skillset. A refusal is not an indication that you are a horrible student! The best course of action is to simply thank them for their time and send a request to your second choice. This is another great reason to get those requests in as early as possible, so you have plenty of time to decide on plan B! In conclusion, asking for a letter of recommendation is something that you need to take very seriously. It could be the difference between securing that place in graduate school or that dream job and being turned down. Get as much information as possible to include with your request to make things easier on your professor and be sure to give them enough time to complete your request.

Profile of Serial Rapist and Killer Cesar Barone

Profile of Serial Rapist and Killer Cesar Barone Cesar Barone was a convicted serial rapist and murderer whose preferred victims who were senior-aged women. Even the hardest of criminals found Barone repulsive and his crimes so inhuman and revolting that there was an exception to the rule among the inmates, that in his case, snitching on him was acceptable. Childhood Years Cesar Barone  was born Adolph James Rode on December 4, 1960, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. For the first four years of his life, Barone received loving attention from his parents and his older brother and sister. But soon after turning four, his mother fell in love with another man and left the family. Rodes father worked as a carpenter and struggled to maintain a balance between working and raising three children on his own. It was not long before he had a girlfriend, Brenda, who would often care for the children when Rode had to work. During that time, she developed a special relationship with Jimmy because he was the youngest and because he was the most difficult of three children to discipline. In March 1967, Rode and Brenda married and she seemed to naturally glide into the role of step-mother. She had a good relationship with the two older children, but after caring for Barone for two years, she had developed some real concerns about his development. She told Rode senior that the child needed psychiatric care. Although he agreed, he never made the arrangements. Other than having to deal with disciplinary problems with Barone, life in the Rode home was going along nicely. Rode senior was making more money in his new job as superintendent and the family moved to a new home in an upscale neighborhood. The children enjoyed their own swimming pool and visited Brendas mother regularly at her ranch where there were ponies for the kids to ride. However, life began to sour after Barone started going to school. Brenda received regular calls from Barones teachers in regards to his bad behavior. He was always stealing toys in nursery school. He was expelled from kindergarten because he was such a troublemaker. In the first grade, his behavior grew even worse and he began to threaten the other children, sometimes with knives, other times with lit cigarettes. Barone was so difficult to deal with that that he was banned from coming into the school lunchroom. Brendas attempts to discipline Barone failed. Barones father dealt with his sons problems by making an effort to show him more attention. He would take Barone and his older son Ricky to play golf and attend sporting events. Teen Years By the time Barone reached his early teens, he was out of control. He had become a regular drug user, often smoking pot and downing LSD or snorting cocaine. He regularly shoplifted especially for beer, burglarized nearby homes and harassed his elderly neighbors for money. The pressure in the Rode home became intense, as did the family arguments over how to deal with Barones poor behavior and his obvious lack of respect for Brenda. Unhappy with the situation, Rode and Brenda separated, and Barone got what he had hoped for - Brenda was out of the picture. Without her constantly monitoring his behavior and reporting it all to his father, Barones behavior grew even worse as did his obvious disdain for women. Alice Stock Alice Stock was a 70-year-old retired teacher that lived alone, not far from the neighborhood where the Rodes lived. On the evening of October 5, 1976, Stock called a friend for help. She told her friend that Barone had broken into her home, threatened her with a knife, and demanded that she remove all of her clothing. Frozen in fear, the elderly woman did nothing and Barone left without harming her. Barone was arrested and sentenced to two months and 11 days in a Florida reform school. From Shoplifting to Burglary April 1977 - Barone was questioned and then released after he admitted to burglarizing three homes of elderly women who lived alone.   August 23, 1977 - Barone was arrested on another burglary charge, but released. August 24, 1977 - Barones fingerprints were found inside a home that had been burglarized near the Rodes home. Barone ultimately confessed to nine other burglaries and unlawful entry into two other homes, but only because the detective questioning him agreed not to press charges if Barone was honest. First Prison Sentence Barone, now 17 years old, never faced charges on the multiple burglaries, but he was arrested and charged with burglarizing the house where his fingerprints were found. On December 5, 1977, Barone was sentenced to three years in the Florida State Penitentiary.   At the time, Florida had a system that allowed young, nonviolent offenders to bypass the hardcore state prisons. Instead, Barone was sent to Indian River, a low-level prison that was more like a reformatory and that had liberal parole policies for inmates that adapted to the environment, did their jobs and behaved. At first, Barone appeared to be going along with the program. By the middle of January 1979, he was transferred to a low-security institution and permitted to work outside of the prison. If he continued on as he had been doing, he was looking at being paroled by May 1979, seven months short his three-year sentence. However, it wasnt in Barones design to be good, at least for not long. After being there for a month, Barone was cited for failing to be at his assigned job and also suspicion of stealing money from the job. He was promptly sent back to Indian River and all parole dates were off the table. Barone quickly cleaned up his act again, followed the rules and by November 13, 1979, he was released from prison. A Second Attack on Alice Stock Two weeks after Barone had returned home, Alice Stocks nude body was found in her bedroom. The autopsy report showed she had been beaten, raped, and sodomized with a foreign object. All evidence, although only circumstantial, pointed to Barone. The case remained officially unsolved. No Boundaries In January 1980, Barone and the rest of the Rode family, including the ex-stepmother Brenda, were still mourning the tragic death of Barones older brother Ricky, who had died in a car accident three days after Christmas. Ricky was the proverbial perfect son, a nice young man and a great brother to Barone, despite that they were opposites in every aspect of life. Most anyone who knew the Rodes probably shared a similar thought that the wrong brother had died. According to Brenda, she said as much directly to Barone during the funeral  but instantly regretted it.In an effort to make amends, she gave Barone a car that she no longer needed, a gift he readily accepted. A month later, Barone, now 19 years old, showed up at Brendas home and said he needed to talk and that he was upset about Ricky. She invited him in and although they did talk for awhile, that was not the real intention behind Barones visit. Just as he was about to leave, he viciously attacked Brenda and raped her, telling her he had thought about doing it for years. After the rape, he began to strangle her, but she fought and managed to escape to the bathroom. Barone left after several failed attempts to open the bathroom door. As soon as she felt it was safe to leave the bathroom, Brenda contacted her ex-husband and told him about the attack and showed him the bruises on her neck. Brenda and Rode decided not to call the police. Barones punishment was that he would no longer be part of the Rode family. Their relationship was forever severed. A Call to Mother Around mid-March 1980, Barone was arrested for attempted burglary. If found guilty, he was also going to be in trouble for violating his parole. He called his real mother and she posted his bail.   Mattie Marino Mattie Marino, age 70, was Barones grandmother on his mothers side. On the evening of April 12, 1980, Barone stopped by Matties apartment and said he needed to borrow thread. Then, according to Marino, Barone attacked her, hitting her with his fists and then beating her with a rolling pin. He then choked her and smiled while he applied more pressure. She begged him not to hit her again and he abruptly stopped, took her checkbook and money and left the apartment. Barone was found not guilty of the attempted murder of Marino. However, he was not a free man. His parole had been revoked for the March burglary charges and he went from the courtroom to a jail cell to await his trial that was scheduled for the following August. A Real Prison This Time In August, Barone was found guilty of burglary and sentenced to five years, but this time in a prison for adult criminals. Despite the judges sentence, if he followed the rules, he could be out in two years.   Typically, Barone could not follow rules and in July 1981, with just a little over one year left before being paroled, Barone attempted to escape while working on a highway. He continued to violate prison rules over the next month. This earned him an additional year onto his original sentence. Because of the attempted escape, Barone was moved to another prison.  It was decided that the best place for him was the Marion Correctional Institution. Barone was a trouble maker at Marion, just like he was at the other prisons. His infractions included fighting with other inmates, leaving his assigned work areas, and shouting obscenities at prison employees. He went from being categorized as a medium risk to the next highest level, a close (or high) risk inmate. He was transferred to the Cross City Correctional Institution and his new release date, if he stayed out of trouble, was October 6, 1986. Gladys Dean Gladys Dean was a 59-year-old prison employee that had worked for several years overseeing the prison kitchen. Barone was assigned to cleaning the room where the kitchen garbage was thrown and Dean was his supervisor. On August 23, 1983, Barone physically attacked Dean and tried to remove her clothing, then began to strangle her, but Dean managed to get the upper hand and Barone fled the kitchen. Barone continued to the test the system and during a search of his cell, pieces of a hacksaw were discovered under his mattress. Prison officials decided he was too high risk and at the end of October  1983, he was moved to the Florida State Prison, which was considered in the world of convicted criminals as being hard time. There he received an additional three-year sentence for the attack on Gladys Dean.   Barone was now looking at being in prison until 1993. Had he behaved he could have been out in 1982. This was possibly a wake-up call for Barone. He managed to stay out of trouble and was given a new parole date of April 1991. Ted Bundy During his time at Florida State Prison, Barones work assignment gave him the opportunity to meet and talk with serial killer Ted Bundy who was awaiting execution. Barone, who was in awe of Bundy, took pride in their supposed conversations and he liked to brag to the other inmates about it.   Prison Romance In July 1986, Barone and a woman from Seattle, Washington, 32-year-old Kathi Lockhart, began corresponding through letters. Lockhart had placed an ad in the singles section of the newspaper and Barone had answered it. In his first letter to Lockhart, he described himself as being an Italian from Milan and he inflated his educational background, saying he had studied languages in three different countries. He also added that he had been in the Italian Special Forces. Lockhart found his profile interesting and they continued to write to each other on a regular basis. It was during their correspondence that Barone (who was still going by his birth name, Jimmy Rode) decided to officially change his name to Cesar Barone. He explained to Lockhart that he had always felt that he should have the family name of the people who raised him in Italy.   Lockhart believed all of the lies that Barone fed her and they formed a relationship which was solidified face-to-face in April 1987 when Barone received an early parole date and was released from prison. With nothing left for him in Florida and with a feeling of liberation of having a new name, Barone headed to Seattle.

Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Organizations - Essay Example In First Aid, a person is taught how to respond to common first aid emergencies, such as burns, head, back as well as neck injuries and cuts, while, in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED), a person is taught how to respond to cardiac and breathing emergencies in grown-ups, as well as how to make use of automated external defibrillators (AED). Blood borne pathogens training is designed for first responders, lifeguards, health care professionals and other employees who are at risk for on-the-job exposure to body and blood fluids which can lead to infection. This course assists in meeting the training requirements for the OSHA blood borne pathogens standard. This course educates on how to assist avoid exposure incidents through personal hygiene and proper cleaning, protective equipment, work practice and disinfecting of equipment. The organization’s Nurse Assistant Training Program equips an individual with the knowledge as well as the experience required to grow to be a qualified Nurse Assistant. The organization has prepared people for employment in the field of nursing for over a hundred years. The program stresses on the importance of learning excellent communications skills as well as the Art of Care giving to offer compassionate care towards people within the health care system. The students, through lecture, role-playing, DVDs, and laboratory practice, are able to learn procedural skills for instance bathing, vital signs, dressing and positioning (American Red Cross, 2). The National Headquarters of the organization is located at 430 17th Street, Washington DC. The building accommodates art and artifacts made by famous artists obtained by the American Red Cross from the time when it was formally initiated, in 1881. Positioned the front position of this collection are Tiffany

The Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Economic Fluctuations Essay - 1

The Fiscal and Monetary Policy and Economic Fluctuations - Essay Example Interest rates: The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 0.25 percent Trading Economics (2013). It was more than 4% in the beginning of 2008, but settled at 0.25% at the year end. Since then, there has been hardly any change in the bank interest rate throughout the period of five years. (Annexure – I) Inflation: It could be observed from the data relating to ‘Inflation in US based on Consumer Price Index’ that inflation was at its peak in October 2008 at 3.655% and at 0.964% in October 2013. Inflation in US based on Consumer Price Index Year Rate of inflation October 2013 0.964 % October 2012 2.162 % October 2011 3.525 % October 2010 1.172 % October 2009 -0.183 % October 2008 3,655 % Source: globalrates.com (2013) Employment: Unemployment rate was at 6.5 in October 2008 reached its peak at 10 in October 2009 and is currently at 7.3% in October 2013. (Annexure – II) What is the nature of the changes and what are the reasons for t he changes? It could be observed that all the indices were at its peak in 2008 around this time, that is five years before. Interest rate: Reduction in interest rates propelled consumption, consequently demand for the products. Maintaining interest rates at the constant level had its positive impact by keeping inflation under control as well as unemployment, because any increase in interest rates would have fueled inflation which could in turn affect employment negatively due to decrease in demand. Inflation: Inflation would be still under control when the economy recovers from high level of unemployment till full production potential is exploited in the economy. Inflation has become negative due to high unemployment noticed in 2009, but inched up subsequently as the economy grew and the unemployment situation eased. However, there is considerable improvement in the inflation front in the recent years due to effective monetary policies pursued by Federal Reserve, and it is expected to stabilize around the current levels. Unemployment rate: Increase in demand resulted in increase in production. This has created new demand for labor. The unemployment rate has started coming down from the beginning of 2011. What are the strategies based on fiscal and monetary policies that will encourage people to spend money in order to create economic growth? Fiscal policy: Government spending at the time of economic slowdown will increase employment. Multiplier effect will set in due to creation of employment opportunities in the economy, since it increases consumption potential of the people. The increase in aggregate demand caused in the process will attract new investments and thus create further employment opportunities. This cycle continues if the monetary policies are effective in avoiding overheating of the economy. Another important tool in fiscal policy of the government is taxation. For example, by lowering taxes money supply in the economy is increased. Lowering tax es along with or without increase in government spending will therefore be essential for revival of the economy, especially during recessions. Both government spending and taxation, the most important fiscal tools, will have long term impact on the economy. Decrease in government spending and reduction in tax rates could be more effective to avoid overheating in an economy. However, factors like huge accumulated budget deficits and precarious balance of payments position may

Company Analysis Of Tony And Guy Hairdressing Salon

Company Analysis Of Tony And Guy Hairdressing Salon Tony and Guy hairdressing salon is a multinational corporation, which deals with hair care business. The company has not only competent management team but also qualified, dedicated and committed. The company has more than 200,000 employees worldwide. The Dubai branch has two branches with one of them performing poorly due to lack of planning and proper management (http://www.toniandguy.com/). Toney and Guys experienced employees are well trained will always ensure the success of the company. Tony and Guy hair care salons mission statement is to ensure that, the hair care services reach all the people all over the world. It also seeks to ensure its customers and potential customers get high quality services that are reliable, accessible, and universally acceptable. The hairdressing salon business, since its inception, has had the main goal of becoming the leading provider of hairdressing and care services in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The salon, as the business is known, has shown without doubt its capability and potential that it can achieve success, if it is provided with the required financial resources. It is one of the leading international hair care companies in the world and it has a commitment and continuous service improvement. It dominates the market because it has the largest market share and customer base in the industry, in all the regions of its operation. The company is driven by the returns it is targeting and this has made it to gain growth and success by providing relevant and reliable hair care services to its esteem customers. In addition, the company offers variety of hair dressing services to its customers depending on their needs (Perry Sherlock, 2008). Though the company has not been performing well, there are recent reports of trivial improvements attributable to improved economic growth, leading to increased customers and subsequently increases in profits. Its services have attracted millions of customers and potential customers, who have ensured a consistent stream of revenues to the firm no matter the numerous challenges it is facing. The firm is targeting everybody in the market irrespective of the age, gender, ethnic group, tribe, religion, or nationality. The hair care firm has established many salons in major and strategic sites in Dubai, where customers can locate with ease and they are accessible to all. The firm advertises its products and services through the TV, radio, beauty magazines and the firms well-established website where people can access it wherever they are. There is stiff competition in the industry because of rapidly changing fashion trends, peoples taste, and preference. The firm is strategizing to ensure it outperforms its competitors and gain a competitive advantage. Its services are of high quality that meets the customers requirements and standards. The firm should improve on the marketing strategy to appeal to many customers to accept the services of the company. An aggressive advertising and promotional campaigning in all media, both locally and internationally should be planned and intensified. This will ensure the firms services are provided and marketed to many people (customers and potential customers). For the firm to expand its operations, it needs one million US dollars ($1000000). The funds will be used for campaigning, opening new salon centers, training employees and purchasing new equipment that will ensure the customers hairstyle is done according to his or her expectations in order for him to get satisfied. This will in the end, ensure that, the firm retains and maintains the customers for a long period. Building trust and loyalty in customers requires total commitment and dedication from the employees and the top management. The success or failure of the firms services will be measured based on the customer increase or decrease in number, profits, and comments from the customers about the firms services and products. If the numbers of customers are increasing, then, the firm is becoming successful and vice versa. The set goals, targets, and objectives of the firm can be used to measure the firms success or failure. The firm should open several branches in strategic locations that the customers can easily locate and serve according to their expectations. The management especially the human resource department should employ permanent employees with the required skills, knowledge, competencies, and experience. The employees should be continuously trained to equip them with new technology and any changes in the industry, which are deemed important (http://www.toniandguy.com/). 2.0 Introduction Tony and Guy is an international hair care business, which was established in London, United Kingdom in 1963 by the two brothers Giuseppe (Guy) and Gaetano Mascolo (Toni). Their two younger brothers Anthony and Bruno later joined the two brothers. The organization has more than 400 salons and it has been able to win many hairdressing awards for many years. For example, in 2006, it won the South West Hairdresser of the Year and it has won the London Hairdresser of the Year (11 times) consecutively. The organization has its own in-salon television station known as Toni and Guy TV and a UK Magazine. In addition, the firm has opened many salons and academies around the world in countries such as Canada, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Australia, Sweden, Russia, New Zealand, Pakistan, United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Norway, and United States of America. The company manufactures its own hair care products such as styling, hair irons, and shampoo. The companys main aim is to expand its services to all parts of the world by providing quality services. The company has a sister salon group known as Essensuals headed by Sacha Mascolo-Tarbuck and Christian Mascolo; both are Tonis children (Perry Sherlock, 2008). The Dubai branch was established in the year 2000, which gave everyone a wakeup call as the new salon, which was the first to be opened in UAE. It was not only the best salon but fair and reliable to all customers depending on their income level and ability to use the services. The color department at Tony and Guy do many color corrections from other salons work that they had not performed as per the customers expectations. After a few years, the performance in one of its salons was negatively affected in that performance targets were not met. The salon had hairdressers who were unqualified because they had not undergone the required stringent London Academy training. With the poor services provided, it has led to poor comments about the services provided about the salon; hence affecting its image and reputation of the firm negatively (Perry Sherlock, 2008). 3.0 Situational analysis Situational analysis is concern about internal and external environment, direct and indirect competitors (local shops with cheap prices), target market, and the positioning the firm would take. 3.1 Target market and positioning of the firm The firm targets the whole United Arab Emirates, and further expansion of its operations to other continents so as to become the market leader. The firm targets all the people irrespective of their age, gender, race, ethnic community, religion, economic status, and place of residence (urban or rural). This target market will ensure that the firm dominates the market before the competitors venture in. By targeting everybody in the market, it will ensure that, no one is discriminated and every one will feel satisfied. This is a positioning strategy that will ensure the firm gains competitive advantage over its competitors. In addition, the firm has set different prices for the product so as to ensure people with different income or economic status are reached. This is a positioning strategy because the firm is meant to serve all the people rather than other salons (competitors) who only target the urban rich people. The firm is therefore, positioning itself by offering high-quality products at affordable prices. The services and products have been made readily available, reliable, and accessible to all at the required quantities (http://www.toniandguy.com/). 3.2 Internal environment Internal environment is about microenvironment; what is happening within the firm and that can be controlled within. It deals with the explanation of SWOT Analysis. SWOT is the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that affect the business operations from within. The firms strengths are: the firm has organized for customer training on how to maintain the different hairstyles after it has been plaited. This is strength because the customers will be taught on how to maintain the hairstyle for long before the next hairstyle hit the market. The salon has its own products sold at cheaper prices than its competitors in the industry do. Those with low income can afford because they are packed in small units that they afford due to their meager earnings. This is strength because no customers are discriminated based on income; hence attracting more customers. The services of the salon are of high quality than the competitors. This has helped the salon to gain the competitive advantage and dominate the market since 2000. The well-trained, competent, and qualified employees have made the salon to retain its customers and increase its profit margins. The courtesy, respect, dignity, and openness with their customers have made most of their friends and workmates to seek the salon services. Customers complaints are taken seriously and corrected or improved where needed, in order to ensure they get satisfied with our services and products at all times. The company values the customers because they determine the success or failure of the company. Though the firm has numerous strengths, there are a few weaknesses needed to be addressed and corrected. The location in which the salon is located is surrounded by a crowded area. The streets leading to the hotel in which the salon is in has many businesses therefore; the potential customers may not recognize it because of the congestion due to its poor location. Some of our customers and potential customers sometimes end up in the hands of our competitors due to our poor location in the street. This has made the saloon lose some customers because of lots of noises, hooting, people shouting and dust which is not health for our customers as they take their way to the location of the salon. The branchs employment criterion where employees are on a contractual basis has affected the firm negatively. Our customers keep on getting new employees and to get used to them will take time; and the moment they get used to one another, the employee quits forcing the employer to get another expert. Customers prefer to be handled by one employee for a long time because he or she will be used to him or her. Most of the customers have shifted to the other branch and to some of our competitors because it has experienced knowledgeable and permanent employees who can be relied upon. Employees on contract have offered poor-quality services to the customers because their aim is to be paid and go (Perry Sherlock, 2008). The high rate of employee turnover is a weakness in the side of the management (human resource department) and therefore, they should focus on employing permanent employees with the relevant skills, competences, and experience. This has affected the firms reputation because once the customers expectations are not met; they will look for same services from the competitors. This is a weakness, and at the same times a threat because the competitors will capitalize from the same weakness. Our major threat is our competitors who have opened many branches in all strategic locations within the city; but the firm has a long-term strategy of expanding its branches to all strategic locations so as to counter the competition. The other threat is from our competitors who have lowered the prices of their products and charges for their services. Some of our customers have decided to change; hence, it is a threat because the company can close down. The salons opportunities are numerous, and the firm has utilized them fully. The firms competitors concentrated the marketing of its services and products in the major urban areas only; but the Tony and Guy salon has expanded its services to the rural growing centers and towns so as to reap from the large readily available market. Our products are of high quality than the competitor; hence, it is an opportunity to maximize returns. 3.3 External environment External environment is also known as macro environment analysis. This entails factors that are beyond companys control. These are political, economical, social cultural, technological, and legal (PESTEL). Political analysis is about government change and political stability of a country. If there is political stability in a country, then business will prospers because there are no interruptions such as wars and conflicts. The government usually introduces new policies and guidelines in the industry, which sometimes affects the business operations negatively. The policies may be costly and time consuming due to the procedures and processes that must be followed during implementation. The government has been supportive and cooperating on various policies; in that, the government authorities and departments in charge of the industry has been engaging all the stakeholder for talks, discussions and consultations in case there are new guidelines and policies to be introduced. Economical factors can be a major challenge to the firm if it is not stable financially, when profits are decreasing, or when it is making losses. Because there is no taxation in Dubai, the banks increase interest rates without consultation because it is vested with power and authority to do so. If the firms returns are unstable, the company may end up making huge losses due to the costs associated. If the labor unions pressurize the companies to increase the employees salaries and other remunerations, the firm may close down if its profitability was not stable. This is because; it is from the profits that the company will increase salaries, repay the loans and to expand its operations (Perry Sherlock, 2008). Social cultural factors concern the change in taste and preferences, fashion, cultural beliefs and norms and likes and dislikes. When new styles and fashion hits the market, the salon has to adjust even if it means incurring more costs. Changes brought about by the fashion and tastes and preferences require further training and expenses for the employees. Some of these changes are inevitable, and the firm must adjust so as to fit into what the customers want in all market segments. With hair styles and its hairdressing products, most people want what is in fashion, and therefore, hairdressers must be updated to know the new hairstyles so that customers may be retained and to attract new ones because of the quality services offered. Different people, races, tribes, gender, and religions value certain hairstyles and products; this therefore, calls for the salon management together with the employees to understand what different customers needs. Technological factors are crucial in hairdressing because technologies keep on changing rapidly. Different hairstyles require different equipment and machines to be used. Technological advancement is costly and the already existing technologies become obsolete. The new hairstyles and fashion requires new machines and equipment to be used so that the customer gets satisfied. Technology also requires employees to be trained on the use of new technologies. Due to the stiff competition and fear of losing customers, the firm has to adjust its budget to purchase new equipment. With the new technologies, the firm is able to provide quality services, and to gain competitive advantage. Customers are sensitive and want to get value from their money by getting services from salons with the modern, advanced technology. Legal factors are important external factors in the business operations. Laws are the guiding principles in any business. Laws must be adhered to, otherwise, the business will be deemed illegal if it fails to comply with them. Implementation of laws is costly and sometimes the government can set stringent rules if it wants to you out of the market. In hairdressing associated with salons, the government can set laws banning the use of certain hairdressing products or certain hairstyles; hence affecting the firms sales and profitability. Some of these laws can make the firm lose its customers and to close down. Some of the laws can deter the firm from expanding to certain regions or from transacting certain business dealings. 3.4 Marketing Strategy Tony and Guy salon is working marketing strategy that would enable the company regains the control of the hair treatments market globally. More so, the company is working towards reviving and rejuvenating operational the Dubai Branch that has not been performing well. The organization has set aside $ 1000000 for the processes in the marketing strategy. The conservative, limited marketing budget will spread among such activities as marketing efforts renting showrooms in high-traffic areas in cities where there will not only be more visibility of the Tony Guy products, but also its professionally trained staff will offer hair treatment services at subsidized rates, and show case the organizations product and services. Apart from the existing outlets, the activities will be conducted in selected well-traveled, popular malls located in high human traffic areas. Although, it will be costly to lease these locations temporarily, as they are charged above the normal rates, part of the high cost of rents will be offset of the sales made during the exercise. The other proceeds will be used to finance more visibility through sponsored marketing events and activities such as road shows and other activities. The marketing strategy is composed of the following activities: Advertisements: there will be Advertisements in country specific and international magazines, journals, newspapers and other publications. Those publications that have wide readerships among women and youth will be give priority since these groups the biggest junk of the target market segments. Since not all the target markets may be reached by advertisements in publications, alternatives means of reaching them will have to be decided. One way will be using large billboards in major roads feeding major world cities. Electronic mediums such Television Commercials, radio and Internet Sponsored events and roads shows will be another marketing strategy to be used. 3.4.1 Mission The major objective of marketing strategies will be to inform the customers and those potentials customer that Tony and Guy products and Salon Services are not only available locally, but also that the company is committed to providing reasonably priced, convenient hair styling and the organization exists to attract and maintain customers. Their services will meet or exceed the expectations of their customers and eventually result in secured and protected future markets. 3.4.2 Marketing Objectives The marketing strategies will increase repeat customers by at least 9% per quarter. Product visibilities and awareness is to be boosted by 14% Non-performing branches such the one in Dubai is to maintain positive, steady growth each month. 3.4.3 Financial Objectives Ultimately, the marketing objectives of the marketing strategy must translate into sales. Upon full implementation of the marketing plan, the following effects are anticipated or targeted sales: 10% increase for products sold per year. Growth of the profit margin by 3% per year. Full recovery of sales and ultimately profitability in the Dubai branches and other branches initially performing poorly throughout the worlds; one year since the inception of marketing programs. 3.5 Target Marketing Target marketing as part of the strategy will enable Tony and Guy; to reach different market segments as demonstrated below: Men: past statistics show that men at least 70%-75% of men use hair make up, thus implying significant clientele potentials. Relevant communicational tactical ads will to reach these groups will be used. Upper-end and lower-end women markets: The biggest proportions (about 90%) of the revenues to the hair industry come from female customers. Women have generally been found to be fond of identifying themselves with classy, expensive, and fashionable products and services. Although they can be discriminated by class and prices, the quality of services and functionality of different brands of Tony and Guy brands will greatly influence this segment of the market. There therefore, great potential market in the women populations. Young Mothers with Children: Young children are an emerging market in the hair treatment industry. A typical family salon has playing facilities for children, where children safely spend their times as they wait for their parents or as they wait to be served in the Hairdressing and treatment. Each of the three groups will be targeted separately. The Tony and Guy outlets and the new-leased promotional centers will prepare its staff to offer quick and convenient services to the male customers. Outlets will close late at night 8 pm in high traffic centers and security services will be acquired from security companies. Throughout the periods, no appointments will be required, and most of the salon services will be on first come first serve basis but quick, convenient, and satisfactory to the customers. As for women, research has shown them to prefer the allure of classy salons, although practically not everyone can afford such luxury. For this reason, Tony and Guy will provide the different hair treatment services but strictly within the normal range prices. Tony and Guy will focuses their marketing strategies on these customers by put emphasis on the classy, ultra hype styling that Tony and Guy will offer at all their outlets all over the world during the promotion period or the time of implementing the marketing strategies. Entertainment will be offered. To reach both the high end and low-end market at the time while appealing wit classy but affordable services and products, Tony and Guy advertisement will be made to appeal to all. The advertisement while communicating the classiness of the services and products will also emphasize of the affordability. Above all, advertisements will demonstrate that making up and treating ones hair with companys products and or services is a necessity, as basic as clothing. It will communicate that it no longer a secondary need but a basic need for every woman. With the latest finding confirming that there is an emerging market in children for the hair industry, Tony and Guy cannot ignore the segment. To win the Children market, Tony and Guy, will focus its marketing strategies towards young mothers visiting the Salons with children by investing in kids toys, playing facilities, and offering hairdressing services friendly to children. In addition, the children will receive special rates that would entice the customers to visit the salons again. The tactical advertisement will be tuned to appeal to this group while reaching other segment with the same message. 3.6 Positioning Tony and Guy Salon marketing strategies will position the organization in the industry strategically to be a one stop-shop convenient and affordable place for services and products. While reaching families a corporate entity, the salons also will appeals to individuals with all the outlets prepared to offer quality services and products at competitive rates even after the promotional periods. Tony and Guy will be offering one-stop services and building it competitive edge by striving to achieve its desired positioning through; The staffs are incentivized to offer quality client services throughout. While Tony and Guy will invest time and money into training the employees, other concerted efforts will be arranged to ensure that clients receive the best possible experience that would make them loyal to the Salons and eventually turn them become long-term clients ultimately leading to improvement of the companys services and products reputations. Through its superior customer service, Tony and Guy will be in a position to effectively and competitively out-perform its competitors both retail and big dealers operating in the industry. Excellent customer services throughout all centers: Tony and Guys competitive edge will be based on superior customer service. The company recognizes that the hair treatment industry has crowded market with challenging situations id differentiating its products and services from those of the competitors. To stand out in the market, Tony and Guy, take advantage of its combined, concerted efforts to sell the hair products while at the same time operating salons. The two activities not only give an opportunity to customers to try the products and services but also enables them experience the quality of services and products the company offers. Tony and Guys have been trained in the London Academy in quality customers services. This will enable the company, throughout its branches spread across the globe, to continuously offer or provide superior customer attention. The staff will be as much as possible be flexible to the needs of the customer. 3.7 Strategy Pyramids To create a change, the old marketing strategies, with rejuvenated efforts, the single most apparent objective is to position Tony and Guy to be a prime one-stop hair-service shop for the family internationally. The pyramids marketing strategy attempts to first furnish all customers in the industry with the available products and services at the Tony and Guy Hairdressing and Salon before developing a firms customer base and eventually working towards improving customer referrals and loyalty. The message that Tony and Guy will be selling will be communicate and recruit the entire family into quick, professional services that come with excellent customer service at affordable rates. Various mediums will be used to communicate the message. During and after the promotions, the messages will continue to be communicated through in-store and storefront displays through all the outlets and partnering retail salons. This will be convenient and cost effective method that will attract potential and existing customers that walk around the or near the outlets and retail centre. This will complement the initially and conventional strategies of using publication and print mediums local and international regular publications newspapers. 4.0 Marketing Mix Tony and Guy marketing mix will carefully perform market research too selectively to influence customer behavior in favor of the services and product of the company. Theoretically, a typical marketing mix model is comprised of the 4Ps of marketing namely: pricing, Place (distribution), Promotion and advertising, and Product. 4.1 Pricing Tony and Guy Salon pricing system will be founded on a competitive pricing model that while making the services and products affordable remains competitive relative to competitors prices. This pricing strategy will be the most fundamental element that needs serious considerations in each market. Although the pricing of services and products by Tony and Guy will be guided by the current levels and those of the competitors, the company will strive to offer optimal prices, affordable and compelling to the customer, yet giving reasonable returns. During the promotions, the prices will be subsidized, but at a minimum, the revenues must offset the promotional expenses. Thereafter the new set of optimal prices will be offered for the products. Each markets retail outlet will be issued with pricing guidelines. Tony and Guy acknowledge the difficulty in standardizing prizes in all the markets considering the variations in income and economic levels. For this reason, each segment of economic separated by national boundaries and currency will have specific pricing model guidelines. Independent salons franchised to offer Tony and Guy products and services will be given discounts to together with customer identification to the loyal ones (Westwood, 2000). 4.2 Price Policy While Tony and Guy Company Salon admit that pricing is the most important element that influences customer or rather buyer behavior and the same determine the profitability of any enterprise, the company intends to develop policies that would assist the managements and retailing outlets in setting optimum pricings that are enticing to customers. These prices will be so strategic that that it will affect the overall performances and the future competitiveness of Tony and Guy. Attracting new clients and keeping the customers, will be the key agenda in the pricing policies to be developed. Because of these affordably but competitive prices, Tony and Guy will use other strategies expand its market. Larger sales volumes will compensate the lower prices. In this case, the best method that the company sees as what will attract customers and keep them. For the prices to be competitive and appealing to customers, the organization devises strategies and conducts feasibility analyses of custome rs experiences at different pricing scenarios. This requires some market research and testing to determine customer behavior at different selected rates. The Tony and Guy Hair products and hair treatment services will use the fixed price in specific regions, with similar market segment description such demographic, cultural, and economic situations. This policy involves determining the price for customers who are willing to purchase the product with the same prices, given the same-shared market conditions and environment. Though it sounds discriminatory in nature, the prices will be fixed in such a way that it will be very easy for the company to administer and in the end be able to maintain a good will within the customers. This strategy will enable the company to use a higher pricing in better economic markets to compensate the minimal rates charged in the markets, whose economic and average income levels are lower. This is one of the strategies often recommended for company multinationals operating in countries having different economic performances (Westwood, 2000). 4.3 Place (Place of Distribution) and Worldwide Marketing (Promotion) Tony and Guy Salon being an international company that deals with hair treatments products and services, has a strategic marketing plan program for its product and services with a world wide scope. Since the birth of the organization in United Kingdom, the company has always catered for the demand of its customers across the globe. Consistent with this global reach, the company has always been aware of its customer around the globe. In line with this element of the marketing mix and consistent to the marketing strategy, the strategy has always been to formulate and invent products exceeds the needs and preferences of the company customer wherever they are in the world. With much investment in research and development of Tony and Guy salon products, the organization has already identified the specific needs required in most parts of the world, including the strict Islamic Middle East (Perry Sherlock, 2008). Following adaptation of its products to meet the specific hair needs of customers in a different part of the globe, To

Research Proposal Essay

Overview This dissertation aids in identifying the fundamental, extrinsic aspects influencing the dynamics of employee turnover and how it affects the surrounding atmosphere including internal and external behaviour of an organization. Employee turnover is one of the much talked challenges faced by employers which hinders an organization’s sustainable growth and generates negative synergy among other employees. This review can assist in analyzing strategy for retention and reduction of employee turnover in both public and private sector organizations. Organizations invest immensely in recruiting and developing their employees as it relates to continuous success of the organisation. Hence employee turnover is a potential loss for any firm. HR managers try to prevent the employee turnover by implementing effective retention strategies. Employee turnover is a common issue in Indian IT sector, though the trend has been reduced for the interim due to the recession. This dissertation helps in suggesting productive retention strategy in the organizations; and make recommendations to management of the organizations on how to effectively retain employees and reduce turnover. This review focuses on labor cost being a quintessential factor in the employee turnover process. In order to minimize the costs associated with the turnover, firms are implementing various strategies. Considering the fluctuation in direct and indirect costs of labour turnover, therefore, management does incessant studies to recognize the reasons why people leave organizations so that appropriate action can be undertaken by the management. Providing competitive salaries and other benefits, empowerment, providing stock options, flexible work hours are few of such strategies adopted by the firms to retain their staff. But how significant are these strategies to the employees? (James and Mathew: 2012. 79,page 1) Bussin (2002) asserts that constant training and development of emplo yees’ skills can actually aids employee early turnover rather than strengthening their retention. Providing employees with the latest training and development opportunities enhances the employee skills leading to escalating their chances of mobility. (Samuel and Chipunza; 2009) Our discussion proceeds in following steps. First, we investigate the aspect of money being the main motivator of employee turnover or could there be other motives. Next we identify the role of management to achieve a self- actualised employee and understand the factors that lead to this phenomenon.The final section of this dissertation discusses the results of the study and the conclusion. One of the main challenges to Emiratisation in the private sector is related to adapting the legal framework to accommodate national jobseekers’ needs. While they are well protected and privileged in the public sector, Emiratis find themselves vulnerable in private sector jobs. This is mainly due to a stricter legal framework that is mainly designed for the transient expatriate workforce in the private sector. A simple comparison between the contents of the Labour Law No. 8 of 1980 (and its amendments), which governs the employment relationship in the private sector and the employment legislations in the government sector reveal vast differences in favour of citizens who work in the public sector, as opposed to those working in the private sector. In general, employment legislation in the government sector stipulates in detail various rights and obligations of workers, while much of the employment relationship in the private sector is left to be determined through contractual agreements between employers and employees. Also, residence permits tend to tie expatriates to one specific employer, tipping the balance in labour turnover unfavourably against citizens, who are not tied in this way (Mellahi and Wood, 2002). A study by Abdalla et al. (2010) examining the determinants of employment and wage levels in the UAE found evidence to support the notion of a dual labour market that is segmented by sectors (public versus private) and nationality of workers (citizens versus expatriates). The experience of UAE citizens, who until recently had easy access to public sector jobs with wages inconsistent with the market value of their human capital, makes their expectations regarding wages and working conditions unrealistically high. This makes them unattractive to profit-oriented employers in the private sector. As a result, GCC citizens often prefer to wait for a government job rather than take a private sector job, even if they are aware that the wait might last many years (Shaban et al., 1995) Another 23 per cent of the respondents indicated they would take a private sector job as a temporary measure to earn a salary until finding employment in the public sector. In total, half of the interviewees indicated that they see no future career for themselves in the private sector at all. These answers were consistent across all three groups of interviewees. Respondents were very clear about the factors that make them prefer one sector over the other. For those who prefer the public sector, the main factors were job security (39.5 per cent), salary levels (31.5 per cent), and advancement opportunities (30 per cent). Other significant, but less frequently cited reasons to prefer the public sector, were more vacations (10 per cent) and relatively less working hours (8.3 per cent). When asked what a private sector organisation would need to do to make her apply for a job, a female graduate in our sample answered: â€Å"I don’t want to sign my death paper. The salary, the wor king hours and the contractual conditions I would sign would equal that.† It is interesting to note that while a small number of respondents (15 per cent) indicated that they would prefer to work in the private sector, many (38 per cent) said that good career opportunities exist in the private sector. Those who prefer the private over the public sector cited advancement opportunities (44 per cent) and finding a job consistent with one’s specialisation (33 per cent) as the reason for their preference. However, these attributes were not sufficient to attract many Emiratis to pursue employment in the private sector due to several structural barriers reflected in inferior salary levels and employment conditions in the private sector compared to the public sector. In addition to the basic preference for public sector employment, it was also clear that this preference is supported by a strong sense of entitlement to such jobs and the salary levels coming with it, as one male student puts it: â€Å"We are a rich country – Thank God – and the government pays well because it can afford to do so. It is our right as nationals to have jobs that pay well.† This sense of entitlement (Al Gergawi, 2008) is deeply rooted in the existing social contract, changes to which Forstenlechner and Rutledge (2010) argue need to be communicated urgently if citizens are no longer able to be employed in the public sector at current levels. When asked about factors affecting their decision to accept a job offer from an employer, respondents gave the highest rating to employee rights (48.3 per cent) and job security (45 per cent). These were followed by working conditions and availability of advancement opportunities. Table I further shows that Emiratis in general are unwilling to take risks with regard to their job and career choices. Job security and protection of employee rights are their top priority, followed by working hours and advancement opportunities. Despite the importance of salary and benefits, these were not on the top of the list as shown in Table I. Salary: Salary expectations Our findings support the contention that one of the major barriers to Emiratisation in the private sector is the high reservation wage required by Emirati job seekers. When asked what minimum monthly net salary they would work for, 38 per cent indicated that they would accept 6,000-10,000 dirhams[1]. However, 32 per cent had a reservation wage of 10,000-15,000 and a further 12 per cent said they require 15,000-20,000. The remaining 18 per cent said their required salary would be above 20,000. However, when asked what they think they should get paid, respondents’ answers were higher than their individual reservation wage. In this case only one female respondent said she considered a monthly salary of 6,000-10,000 fair. 37 per cent of respondents said they should get 10,000-15,000, 20 per cent indicated that they should get 15,000-20,000 and 8 per cent said fair pay would be 20,000-25,000 monthly. The remaining 30 per cent, however, considered a fair wage to be upwards of 25,000 monthly, with 10 per cent actually expecting a monthly net salary between 35,000 and 50,000[2]. These expectations are clearly driven by public sector (welfare) wages, as one male student explained: Salary expectations Our findings indicate that young Emirati jobseekers on average have a higher expected salary than their – already relatively high – individual reservation wage. This points to several somewhat troubling conclusions: . The average reservation wage for young Emirati job seekers is high compared to the expatriates they are competing against in both sectors, confirming previous research (Bremmer, 2004; Godwin, 2006; Mellahi, 2007). . The perceived fair pay for young Emirati job seekers is higher than their reservation wage, which means they are likely to experience pay dissatisfaction even when they accept job offers in the generally lower paying private sector. . The perceived fair pay and the reservation wage required by the majority of Emirati job seekers interviewed in this study is comparable to the going rates in the public sector for national employees of similar calibre. This clearly indicates the need to consider the potential impact of pay policies in the public sector on Emiratisation efforts and policies, as they effectively hinder private sector employment. We see the roots of such expectations in the structure of the labour market, where public and private sector are governed by different considerations and different rules and regulations. Therefore, one of the key hindrances remains the salary difference between the public and the private sector. As it is unrealistic that public sector pay will be lowered, as recommended by the IMF (2004), and just as unrealistic to expect the private sector to match public sector salaries and benefits in the context of the UAE, we therefore support a recommendation made by Abdalla et al. (2010) to revise the wage-setting mechanism in the public sector. They suggest to separate the total public sector wage into two parts: pay related to market considerations and productivity of workers (efficiency wage); and (2) a portion motivated by the desire to improve the standards of living and wealth distribution for citizens (welfare). They assume that, in the UAE, only part of the wage paid to national workers in the public sector is related to the value of their human capital or their work performance, while the other part is a transfer payment to raise the standards of living for citizens. Separating the two components has two advantages: (1) it sends the right signal to national workers about the realistic value of their human capital; and (2) it helps to remove the distortion of labour market mechanisms in setting wages according to market forces. Mechanisms to extend the welfare component of pay to those citizens working in the private sector will need to be implemented. Subsidizing wages of citizens in the private sector to bridge the gap between the efficiency and welfare components of pay might be a reasonable alternative. Funding of these subsidies can be secured through fees imposed on employers who recruit foreign workers. Selective application of such fees on employers depending on number of foreigners recruited and affordability to pay might be needed to ensure fairness and avoid excessive burdens on certain employers. As mentioned previously, salary is, of course, not the only aspect where expectations are driven by the public sector. The same is true for days off work, as one male student puts it: â€Å"All I am asking for is normal vacations†, with â€Å"normal† in this case meaning those vacations the public sector offers. Recommendations for further research Further research is needed to clarify the perspective of private sector employers on localisation, for example the perceived threshold of tolerable legislative changes and their perception and intention of compliance. Also, research is needed to analyse the potential effects of employment laws and regulations on the effectiveness of workforce localisation policy and the legislative changes that might be needed to enhance its outcomes. Further quantitative, large-scale testing of some of the conclusions regarding the attitude of jobseekers would also be beneficial to further investigate the perceptions of jobseekers, possibly by delivering a survey to a large number of students enrolled in the higher education system. Understanding the process of employee turnover has been interpreted differently by various researchers depending on the controlling factors of the socio-cultural environment. This is because different factors have been found useful when it comes to interpreting employee turnover, and these have been used to model turnover in a range of different organizational and occupational settings. They include: job satisfaction (Hom and Kinicki, 2001); labour market variables (Kirschenbaum and Mano-Negrin, 1999); various forms of commitment (see Meyer, 2001 for a review); equity (Aquino et al., 1997); psychological contract (Morrison and Robinson, 1997); and many others (see Morrell et al. (2001a) for a review). S. Wren (1980) also suggested that to reduce employee turnover the company should keep employees informed on company matters, encourage employee innovation and setting clear communication channels between top management and lower employees. Also Inge, Peter , Arnold and Jan (2003), sugg ested that work motivation is related to emotional exhaustion which in turn induces employee turnover rate in their longitudinal study. Considering the prolonging economic downturn, the primary stimulating factor impacting employee turnover has been money, as consequently it affects both employees and their respective organizations. However, organizations try to implement other strategies to keep employee turnover to a minimum level by rewarding their employees with better incentives and bonuses. Research has portrayed that even when people’s main motivation for work is not money, if they are offered a higher salary by other organizations, they would not be hesitant to leave their current job, thus leading to high employee turnover. In response, researchers have recently turned their attention towards employee work motivation as predictors for employee turnover (Richer et al., 2002), as motivational sources have been found to influence employee turnover beyond job satisfaction and organizational commitment (e.g. Mitchell et al., 2001). In fact, some authors proclaim that the primary aim of incentives is to enhance better motivation by satisfying an individual employee’s needs indirectly through means of pay and bonuses (Anthony and Govindarajan, 2007; Kunz and Pfaff, 2002). Some UAE scholars pointed out that â€Å"Motivation is an important subject area for researchers and practitioners all over the world. ( Abubakr M and Nawal , p 86)† It is an ongoing universal argument if money is the main motivation causing high employee turnover within an organization. Therefore, this literature review is based on theory testing evidenced by past studies on staff turnover and retention, not supported by theory building. All these theories consolidated as one forecasts potential costs of organizations in diversifying pay, mainly through two kinds of de-motivating factors: first, individuals that don’t earn as much as they feel their work deserves may perceive that they are less-well valued than their higher-paid counterparts; and second, higher-paid individuals may perceive that they are more valuable than they actually are (Kohn, 1998; Carr, 2004). In reference to (Abdulla j., Djebarni R. and Mellahi K, 2011, p138) employees in the UAE put a strong emphasis on salary and incentives especially for non-UAE nationals because of their impact on living standards and importance in providing a sense of security where perceived job security is very low. Furthermore, the high importance of salaries and incentives could be due to the high cost of living in Dubai compared to other Middle Eastern emirates. Having reviewing the EU countries such as Greece, extrinsic rewards such as pay give better outcome in the organizations and their governments actually want to convince private sectors on the importance of intrinsic rewards where workers are motivated to work without expecting a reward and love what they do. (Manolopoulos D., 2008) Crucial factors like employee involvement and the process of performance rewarding impacts the degree to which employees are included in decision-making processes. Are they occasionally asked for input or feedback? Or are they authorized and challenged to make a difference? Obviously, the greater an employee’s level of involvement in the decision-making process, the greater the sense of ownership for the outcomes of such decisions, which, in turn, assures employees that he/she is a part of the organization as a whole. (Dell’Agnese, 2001; Mintzberg, 1994a,b,c, 2001a,b; Pfeffer, 2001a,b; Piggott, 1997). One of the effective ways of reducing staff turnover is making more effective use of existing staff resources and in attempting to put together a pay package which attracts and retains staff, through rewarding them fairly for their performance (A. Baines, (1991) pp. 8 – 10). According to one source (Curtis S. and Dennis W. 2001, p.59), the cost of replacing an employee is higher than recruiting a new staff. This is because of accumulated cost of the loss of skills, knowledge, experience and the investment in training. There is also the disruption to the work and staff, when a new employee is recruited, there are barriers like new challenges of adopting to the culture of the organization, personality conflicts, time taken to familiarize with the job description etc. Also, many other administrative cost associate with the employee turnover process like agency fees for recruitment firms, wasted time in exit interview process and administrative process of recruitment being time consuming and expensive etc. As further discussed by (Curtis S. and Dennis W., 2001, p.61-62), to get employees committed quickly, they should feel emotionally attached to the organization and feel that resigning would be a personal sacrifice for them where they would have an obligation and responsibility to stay. One of the interesting fast track employee commitment mentioned is offering flexible hours. Organizations should have improved retention schemes through flexible working options implementing other family-friendly policies like baby-sitting facilities, special consideration for new mothers and expecting mothers etc. Other initiatives might include workshops aimed at achieving a better work-life balance, access to a range of domestic services, extended maternity leaves, paid vacation breaks and extended parental leave. Since, the UAE is a family oriented culture, majority of employees would appreciate having easygoing strategies in their work place which allows them to have a work-life balanced with fami ly life. A worker lacking motivation is a problem waiting to happen. That’s why companies need to be able to ensure that their workers are fully motivated to do their jobs. If this isn’t the case then all that knowledge that they may possess isn’t fully utilized as a result of them not putting in 100percent (Maria C. Osteraker, 1999, pp. 73 – 77). Money as the sole motivation for work or production isn’t exactly the right solution. As portrayed within the proposal it is an important aspect, but should not be classified as highly crucial, since it is evident that other factors are arising. Taking into consideration that employees may transfer to other companies for a higher rise in money, however the effect is only temporary as behavioral aspects is also taken into account. Therefore it’s a balance of both. As Carolyn Wiley put it, Motivation is not a fixed trait; it is a combination of various aspects. (Wiley C., 1997, pp. 263 – 280). Going by this article (Industrial and Commercial Training, 1975, pp. 508 – 508). It details that it was Herzberg in the 1960’s who determined that money was not the sole motivator. It also goes on to state how the issue of money could be mixed. Both negative and positive, a worker will not accept a job that pays less simply because the all-round package was better. However he/she may accept a similar paying job if other aspects were improved. In other words they are looking for the right balance between the two. The dissertation is crucial because it shows the organizations the reasons behind employee turnover; it explains why it is happening in an organization. The main purpose of this dissertation was examining the impact of the retention on employee turnover; high employee turnover leads to collision on the competence and continuation within the organization. It is seen that many organizations features these kinds of issues with the labor turnover because it can lead to loss of the organizations, time consuming of the management and stress in the workforce plans. The study portrays that; pay can be one of the main motives for staff turnovers, also culture of the organizations and the job satisfactions. These three factors lead to labor turnover within the organization. Employee would stay in the organization if retention strategies are available like training sessions, good work timings, and employee’s proposal. Welfare benefits can be assigned as one of the main motives; as penetration after employee retirement and insurances. And other factors like personal and job satisfaction. (Employee Retention Strategies: IT Industry, Leena James and Lissy Mathew, July-Sept2011), (the impact of career motivation and polychronicity on job satisfaction and turnover intention among hotel industry employees, Jichul Jang, B.S, August 2008) This paper can be applied to the UAE. This is because almost half of the UAE population made up of expatriates. As a result the workplace is incredibly varied. So the question is why these people come from far and wide just to seek employment. Is it money or just a better work environment? Judging by the influx of new foreigners each year it is most likely a combination of the two. Humans are different in their own way so one person’s needs may differ from another, however if there’s one thing that’s been proven it is that money cannot be the only factor when selecting a job as then no-one really benefits. References 1. Alan D. Smith, William T. Rupp, (2003),†Knowledge workers: exploring the link among performance rating, pay and motivational aspects†, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 Iss: 1 pp. 107 – 124 2. Carolyn Stringer, Jeni Didham, Paul Theivananthampillai, (2011),†Motivation, pay satisfaction, and job satisfaction of front-line employees†, Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, Vol. 8 Iss: 2 pp. 161 – 179 3. Anders Dysvik, BaÌŠrd Kuvaas, (2010),†Exploring the relative and combined influence of mastery-approach goals and work intrinsic motivation on employee turnover intention†, Personnel Review, Vol. 39 Iss: 5 pp. 622 – 638 4. Kevin M. Morrell, John Loan-Clarke, Adrian J. Wilkinson, (2004),†Organisational change and employee turnover†, Personnel Review, Vol. 33 Iss: 2 pp. 161 – 173 5. Abubakr M. Sulaiman and Nawal Al-Sabri (2009), Surviving through the global downtown; employee motivation and performance in healthcare industries, the open business journal. Vol. 2 Iss: 2 pp. 86 – 94 6. Stuart C. Carr, Matthew R. Hodgson, Duncan H. Vent, Ian P. Purcell, (2005),†Pay diversity across work teams: doubly de-motivating influences?†, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 20 Iss: 5 pp. 417 7. Susan Curtis, and Dennis Wright (2001), â€Å"Retaining Employees – The Fast Track to Commitment†, Management Research News, Vol 24 p.59-61 8. Jassem Abdulla, Ramdane Djebarni, Kamel Mellahi, (2011),†Determinants of job satisfaction in the UAE: A case study of the Dubai police†, Personnel Review, Vol. 40 Iss: 1 pp. 126 – 146 9. 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